U.S. naturalization step by step
A plain-language walkthrough of the naturalization process from eligibility and N-400 filing to the oath ceremony and next steps.
Becoming a U.S. citizen is a process with several stages. Once you know the sequence, it is easier to plan documents, study time, and expectations.
Step 1: Confirm that you are eligible
Before you spend money or file paperwork, confirm that you meet the requirements for naturalization under the five-year rule, the three-year marriage-based rule, or another qualifying path.
Step 2: File Form N-400
You can usually file online through your USCIS account or mail a paper application. As of April 2026, the standard filing fee is $710 online or $760 by paper, with some lower-fee options for qualifying applicants.
Step 3: Biometrics
After USCIS receives your application, you may receive a biometrics appointment notice for fingerprints and a photo. In some cases, USCIS reuses biometrics already on file.
Step 4: Wait for your interview
Processing times vary widely by field office and case complexity. Use the official USCIS processing-times tool instead of relying on one national average.
Step 5: Attend the interview and take the test
At the interview, the officer reviews your N-400, tests English unless you qualify for an exception, and gives the civics test.
Step 6: Receive a decision
USCIS may approve the case, continue it for more evidence, or deny it. Many applicants receive an initial result notice on interview day.
Step 7: Take the Oath of Allegiance
You are not a U.S. citizen until you complete the oath ceremony. At the ceremony, you turn in your Green Card and receive your Certificate of Naturalization.
Step 8: Handle the first tasks after naturalization
After the ceremony, common next steps include:
- Applying for a first U.S. passport with Form DS-11
- Registering to vote if eligible in your state
- Updating your citizenship status with Social Security
Helpful official links
A long USCIS wait does not have to be wasted time. Download CiudadanoUSA and use the waiting period to study for the interview and test.